China

Let China sleep
for when she awakes,
she will shake the world"
Napoleon Bonaparte


Many authors have predicted a glorious future for China. They believe that the country will soon rise as an economic "superpower" (Overholt, 1993) and re-establish itself as a new empire (Terrill, 2003). They have speculated that this new powerful China would threaten the world order or at least challenge the dominance of the only remaining superpower of today, the United States of America. A few authors have even speculated about a Chinese master plan to destroy America (Qiao / Wang, 2002).

Other authors, however, believe that China's economic bubble will burst and that the emerging empire will collapse. David Shambaugh (2000), for instance, has found indication that China is inherently unstable; Callum Henderson sees "China on the brink" (Henderson, 1999), Charles Wolf and colleagues have pointed out several "fault lines in China's economic terrain" (Wolf, et al., 2000), James Miles believes that the country is actually in disarray (Miles, 1996) and Gordon Chang has even predicted the coming collapse of China (Chang, 2001).

This Web site also investigates the question whether China will dominate the 21st century. We will analyze current trends in key sectors of the Chinese society - such as trends in human development, natural resource use, economic performance, infrastructure expansion, the development of scientific and technological capacity, military strength, as well as cultural and social stability.

In our analyses we assume that China's development in the 21st century will depend on exactly the same factors and must be evaluated with precisely the same criteria as any other country of the world. While in the past an intimate knowledge of China's social, cultural, political and historical peculiarities may have been necessary for understanding its development, this knowledge alone is now insufficient in assessing the country's future. China is no longer a mysterious Asian culture which has to be "explained" to the western world by ethnographic studies. It has become an ordinary country. An international investor will compare China's labor cost advantage to the situation in Eastern Europe or Mexico; fast-food chains are selling the same Hamburgers and chicken wings in Beijing and in Boston; for an investment banker it is no fundamental difference to make money on Shanghai's or New York's stock exchange; the tourists in the "Forbidden City" expect the same service as they would visiting Vienna's Schönbrunn Castle of Maria Theresia; the consumer's dream of buying an Audi car is common among China's and Germany's middle class; farmers are as disadvantaged in Sichuan as in most countries worldwide; the environment is as devastated in parts of the Ukraine as it is in parts of China; and corruption is as common in Rumania or Bulgaria as it is in the People's Republic. When China joined the WTO she finally became a global player after decades of opening-up with the same opportunities and problems as any other internationally relevant nation.

The Chinese leaders have understood that in the 21st century, China can no longer survive as a closed and self-sufficient nation that develops by its own rules. To flourish, it must be an open society with links to worldwide flows of capital, resources, skilled labor, technical expertise, and mass communication. As any other country in the world, China will have to cope with international standards and regulations, will have to adapt to the scrutiny of international mass media, will be subject to global environmental changes, and will depend on international political alliances.

Does China have the appropriate human development for such an open society in the 21st century? Does the country have adequate energy resources at its disposal? Is the economic sector organized so that it can effectively participate in a global economy? Does China have appropriate social institutions to cope with the projected aging of the population? Will it establish the rule of law and control corruption? Are China's research centers and universities organized in such a way that they promote human creativity and excellence in engineering? Can the administration function efficiently? Is the political system stable enough to guarantee inner peace? Is there an effective mechanism to recruit competent leaders? These are (some of) the questions that will determine China's future.

In this Web site we analyze whether China has the necessary natural and human resources, the appropriate economic structure, the right political vision and the necessary military strength to become the new superpower of the 21st century.

Israel

Introduction To Israel
Following World War II, the British withdrew from their mandate of Palestine, and the UN partitioned the area into Arab and Jewish states, an arrangement rejected by the Arabs. Subsequently, the Israelis defeated the Arabs in a series of wars without ending the deep tensions between the two sides. The territories occupied by Israel since the 1967 war are not included in the Israel country profile, unless otherwise noted. On 25 April 1982, Israel withdrew from the Sinai pursuant to the 1979 Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty. Outstanding territorial and other disputes with Jordan were resolved in the 26 October 1994 Israel-Jordan Treaty of Peace. In addition, on 25 May 2000, Israel withdrew unilaterally from southern Lebanon, which it had occupied since 1982. In keeping with the framework established at the Madrid Conference in October 1991, bilateral negotiations were conducted between Israel and Palestinian representatives (from the Israeli-occupied West Bank and Gaza Strip) and Syria to achieve a permanent settlement. On 24 June 2002, US President Bush laid out a "road map" for resolving the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, which envisions a two-state solution. However, progress toward a permanent status agreement has been undermined by Palestinian-Israeli violence ongoing since September 2000.



Map Of Israel




Applied Language Solutions offer English to Hebrew Translation .

This information was reproduced in part from the CIA World Fact book.

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Vietnam the Country

An introduction to the fascinating country of Vietnam.
Vietnam's Name
Vietnam is officially known in English as the "Socialist Republic of Vietnam", sometimes abbreviated as SRV. The full name in Vietnamese is Cong Hoa Xa Hoi Chu Nghia Viet Nam.

In common usage, Vietnamese use two words "Viet Nam", and Americans use a single word "Vietnam".

Vietnam's Location
Vietnam is part of South East Asia, bordered by ocean on the west and south, with China to the north and Cambodia and Laos to the west. Vietnam is about the size of New Mexico (329,560 sq km), but shaped in a long, narrow "S".

Vietnam's Weather
Vietnam has a hot tropical climate in the south and a monsoon climate in the north. The hot, rainy season lasts May to September and warm, dry season is October to March. (More on Vietnam weather).

Vietnam Politics
Vietnam is a communist country. Religion, speech, press and other aspects of society remain under central control. Since Vietnam's "doi moi" (renovation) in 1986, Vietnam's economy and, to some extent, policies have become increasingly modernized and less restrictive.

Vietnam Flag
Vietnam's flag is bright red with a yellow star. The red represents blood spilt during the country's fight for independence. The star represents Vietnam's unity and the points on the star represent the union of the people working together in building socialism. (Vietnam flag craft for children.)

South Vietnam's flag had three red stripes on a yellow background. Originally based on a design from the last Emperor of Viet Nam (Bao Dai), the red stripes represent the blood line of three regions of Vietnam and the yellow background represents the earth or skin color. This flag is still used by many Vietnamese American organizations, first generation Vietnamese immigrants, and Vietnam Veterans, symbolizing their sacrifices and the ideal of freedom.

Both flags call forth deep emotions for what they represent in Vietnam and in the Vietnamese American communities.

Vietnamese People
Vietnam is a populated country of over 85 million people. Although the villages have played a key role in Vietnam's psyche and social order, most people now live in the major cities where jobs are more plentiful. Due to the war, there are fewer older men in Vietnam (although they still are predominant in the government) and many younger people. Military service is still compulsory for 2 years.

The literacy rate is impressively high (over 90% are able to read). However, Vietnam is still a relatively poor and less healthy country.

Vietnamese Language
Vietnamese is the primary language. It is a tonal language, relatively easy to read but difficult to speak. Luckily, English is growing in popularity. Some French is spoken in the North. Khmer and related languages are spoken in some areas. The 65 tribes speak their own languages Mon-Khmer and Malayo-Polynesian. (More on Vietnamese language.)

Vietnam Trade
Trade agreements and increased modernization are making a great improvement in quality of life for Vietnamese and Vietnam's visitors. Tourism is increasing with better transportation, services and accomadations. Major exports are crude oil, marine products, rice, coffee and tea, rubber and clothing.

Vietnam's Three Regions
Vietnam is traditionally divided into three regions (North, South and Central) based on years of history, occupation and geopolitical settlement. These regions are known among Vietnamese for differences in dialect, food, history, culture and temperament of the people.

Vietnam Cities and Provinces
Hanoi is Vietnam's capitol, and the location of Vietnam's central government. Hanoi was the former capitol of North Vietnam under the French and during the war. It is an older gracious city. Ho Chi Minh City (aka Saigon) was the capital of South Vietnam. It is the second largest city, and is a leader in business. Ho Chi Minh city is sprawling and vibrant, with a large Chinese center. (More on Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City.)

Vietnam has 5 major cities or municipalities (city-provinces): Can Tho, Da Nang, Hai Phong, Ha Noi, and Ho Chi Minh and 59 provinces. Most of these allow international adoption.

THE CALIFORNIA GOLD COUNTRY

One morning in January —it was a clear, cold morning; I shall never forget that morning—as I was taking my usual walk along the race after shutting off the water, my eye was caught with the glimpse of something shining in the bottom of the ditch. There was about a foot of water running then. I reached my hand down and picked it up; it made my heart thump, for I was certain it was gold.”
.....James W. Marshall
Although Marshall’s discovery of gold on the South Fork of the American River has been called “the most momentous event in all of California History,” it was not the first such discovery in California. Some historians maintain that as early as 1812, native Californians were working placer deposits near the Spanish mission of San Fernando. The first verifiable discovery of gold in California; however, occurred in 1842 when Don Francisco Lopez discovered the precious metal at Placeritas Canyon in the San Fernando Valley, about forty miles northwest of Los Angeles.
While resting beneath a shady tree during a search for stray cattle, Lopez suddenly remembered his wife’s request from early that morning. “Bring home some onions, ’Cisco,” may or may not have been her exact words. Taking the knife from his belt, he went to a nearby slope and began to dig. Pulling the onions up from the ground, he noticed something glittering in their roots. He looked closer. It was gold. Within a few weeks, hundreds of people were engaged in washing and winnowing the placers of Placeritas Canyon, in what might be called the first gold rush in California history. The deposits were worked successfully for a number of years, but were eventually depleted and the mines forgotten.
The California Gold Rush truly began on January 24 of 1848.
In a peaceful, gentle valley surrounded by fine stands of tall timber, James W. Marshall served as the construction superintendent of a sawmill being built for Captain John Sutter. As work on the mill neared completion, it was found that the water flowing through the tailrace was backing up, which prevented the waterwheel from turning properly. To solve this problem the tailrace had to be deepened to increase the flow of water and thereby create a stronger force to turn the wheel.
With the men working on deepening and widening the race during the day, it became Marshall’s custom to raise the gate every evening to let the water wash out as much sand and gravel through the night as possible; in the morning, while the men were getting breakfast, he would walk down, shut off the water, and look along the race to see if any further work needed to be done. It was on one such morning that Marshall reached into history by picking up a few glittering flakes of gold, uncovered by the digging of the race and the action of the water, which washed away the rocks, gravel and sand, and left the gold.
Returning quickly to the mill, Marshall shouted to the men, “Boys, by God I believe I have found a gold mine!” And even after they tested the material—it was bitten, hammered, compared to a $5 gold piece, and boiled in lye—some still expressed their disbelief. Whereupon Marshall firmly replied, “I know it to be nothing else.”
When next Marshall chanced to ride over to Sutter’s Fort, he immediately asked to see the Captain alone in his private office. When Marshall was quite sure they were alone and that the door was locked, he pulled out of his pocket a white cotton rag. Opening the cloth he held it out to Sutter. It contained about an ounce and a half of gold-dust, flaky and in grains, the largest piece not quite so large as a pea. “I believe this is gold,” said Marshall, “but the people at the mill laughed at me, and called me crazy.” Sutter carefully examined it, and said, “Well, it looks so; we will try it.” With information from a copy of the American Cyclopedia, they tested it with aqua fortis and then checked the specific gravity of the yellow metal. The stuff stood the test and Sutter proclaimed to Marshall, “I believe this is the finest kind of gold.”
Marshall and Sutter agreed that keeping the discovery secret would be in their best interests. Neither one of them wanted strangers wandering about the countryside, claiming the land, and disrupting work on the mill. Sutter asked the workers to keep the discovery secret until the mill was finished, which they agreed to do. But gold is a hard secret to keep and within days the news began to spread, and like a wild fire it soon swept across the state.
Within days of the discovery, Sutter himself mentioned the news in a letter: “I have made a discovery of a gold mine which, according to the experiments we have made, is extremely rich.” A few days later Jacob Wittmer, a teamster in Sutter’s employ, was given some gold by Jennie Wimmer after delivering supplies to the mill. Upon returning to the fort, he used the gold to buy some brandy and soon the whole fort knew about the gold.
A few miles downstream from the saw mill, a group of Mormon workers were building a flour mill for Sutter. They visited the saw mill on February 27, in response to a letter written by Henry Bigler. After doing a bit of prospecting and finding some “color,” they returned to their work site and noted the similarity of its riverbed and gravel bars to those at the sawmill. Digging about, they found gold, tremendous amounts of gold, and the rich diggings at Mormon Island soon became famous as the news continued to spread.
Sutter’s secret made it to San Francisco as early as March 15. The news appeared in print for the first time as a small notice on the last page of the Californian:
GOLD MINE FOUND: “In the newly made raceway of the Saw Mill recently erected by Captain Sutter, on the American Fork, gold has been found in considerable quantities. One person brought thirty dollars worth to New Helvetia, gathered there in a short time. California, no doubt, is rich in mineral wealth, great chances here for scientific capitalists. Gold has been found in almost every part of the country.”
This announcement alone didn’t seem to have much effect on the population of San Francisco. What did get their attention was Sam Brannan arriving in town a few weeks later, waving a quinine bottle full of gold in the air, and shouting, “Gold! Gold! Gold from the American River!” He was quickly surrounded as people rushed to see the gold and hear the news. Gold fever struck and within days the city was nearly empty. Mr. Buckelew, publisher of the Californian, suspended publication on May 29 as there were no readers left in town. In his last, curtailed issue he states: “The majority of our subscribers and many of our advertisers have closed their doors and places of business and left town....The whole country, from San Francisco to Los Angeles and from the seashore to the Sierra Nevada, resounds with the sordid cry of ‘gold! Gold!! GOLD!!!’ while the field is left half planted, the house half built, and everything neglected but the manufacture of shovels and pickaxes.” Mr. Buckelew thence went upon the mountain to have a look around for his own prospecting self.
The news reached Monterey on May 29. The Alcalde, Reverend Walter Colton, made note of it in his California Diary, “Our town was startled out of its quiet dreams to-day, by the announcement that gold had been discovered on the American Fork. The men wondered and talked, and the women too; but neither believed. The sibyls were less skeptical; they said the moon had, for several nights, appeared not more than a cable’s length from the earth; that a white raven had been seen playing with an infant; and that an owl had rung the church bells.” Colton dispatched a messenger to the mines to determine for himself and the people of Monterey if the astounding reports were true. And on June 20, the messenger returned.
“He dismounted in a sea of upturned faces. As he drew forth the yellow lumps from his pockets, and passed them around among the eager crowd, the doubts, which had lingered till now, fled. All admitted they were gold, except one old man, who still persisted they were some Yankee invention, got up to reconcile the people to the change of flag. The excitement produced was intense; and many were soon busy in their hasty preparations for a departure to the mines....The blacksmith dropped his hammer, the carpenter his plane, the mason his trowel, the farmer his sickle, the baker his loaf, and the tapster his bottle. All were off for the mines, some on horses, some on carts, and some on crutches, and one went in a litter.”
By early July the news had made it to the Sandwich Islands (Hawaii), and from there trading ships carried the word to Oregon. Settlers in the Willamette Valley, some just recently arrived from the States, began pulling up stakes and making preparations for the long trek south to the mines.
Military Governor Colonel Richard Mason and his chief of staff, Lieutenant William T. Sherman, arrived at the Mormon Island diggings on the 5th of July. On a mission to prepare a report on the placer mines for the War Department, the officers had come up from Monterey via San Francisco and Sonoma. Along their route they found everything abandoned. Mills were idle, crops left untended, houses empty. The mines were another story. At the Mormon Island diggings they found two hundred men working with pans and rockers, standing knee deep in icy water under the blistering summer sun. The next day Mason moved upstream to Coloma where he examined the various tributaries and innumerable gullies and ravines which, combined with the Mormon Island mines, were yielding an estimated $30,000 to $50,000 per day, to approximately four thousand miners, two thousand of whom were Indians. Before leaving the mines to return to Monterey, Mason purchased several specimens of gold to supplement the report he would later send to Washington.
On July 18, Los Angeles received its first word of the discovery. To the soldiers stationed there, the lure of gold proved to be an irresistible temptation, and many men deserted their posts to race northwards for the mines. “Laboring men at the mines can now earn in one day more than double a soldier’s pay and allowances for a month,” Mason stated in his report. Army records show that 716 enlisted men deserted between July 1 of 1848 and December 31 of 1849.
News of the discovery reached “The States” by the end of July. On August 8, a St. Louis newspaper reported from an article brought overland from San Francisco, that gold was being “collected at random and without any trouble” on the American River. Soon other major newspapers were printing similar letters and reports from “the gold regions.” While these first few reports may have been enough to start a few adventurous spirits westward towards the gold mines, it’s likely that most potential gold-seekers needed more tangible evidence to justify the dangers and expenses of the long journey to California. They would bide their time and await further developments.
While the States were watching and waiting for some kind of official confirmation to this California madness, back in the mines news of bigger and greater strikes seemed to surface every day, sending the growing population on a thorough search of the countryside. There wasn’t a river, creek or tiny stream that wasn’t prospected. Miners were everywhere. Gold was everywhere. Colton writes on August 16, “Four citizens of Monterey are just in from the gold mines on Feather River, where they worked in company with three others. They employed about thirty wild Indians, who are attached to the rancho owned by one of the party. They worked precisely seven weeks and three days, and have divided seventy-six thousand, eight hundred and forty-four dollars, nearly eleven thousand dollars each. Make a dot there, and let me introduce a man, well known to me, who has worked on the Yuba river sixty-four days, and brought back, as the result of his individual labor, five thousand three hundred and fifty-six dollars. Make a dot there, and let me introduce a boy, fourteen years of age, who has worked on the Mokelumne fifty-four days and brought back three thousand, four hundred and sixty-seven dollars.”
On August 17, Colonel Mason’s report of his visit to the mines was ready to be delivered to Washington. Mason selected Lieutenant Lucien Loeser to deliver the report and a Chinese tea caddy that contained slightly more than 230 ounces of California gold. Loeser arrived at New Orleans on November 23, whereupon he immediately telegraphed the War Department of his arrival and then set out for Washington.
After reviewing Mason’s report and examining the dramatic evidence that accompanied it, President Polk was prepared to speak with authority on the question of gold in California. On December 5, in his final address to Congress, Polk put the matter to rest: “The accounts of the abundance of gold in that territory are of such an extraordinary character as would scarcely command belief were they not corroborated by the authentic reports of officers in the public service...”
The newspapers reported the President’s words and added to the growing excitement by citing reports of immense gold nuggets and rich paying claims. Letters home from the mines were reprinted which told how easy it was to find gold in California. On December 6, the Hartford Daily Courant wrote, “The California gold fever is approaching its crisis....By a sudden and accidental discovery, the ground is represented to be one vast gold mine. Gold is picked up in pure lumps, twenty-four carats fine. Soldiers are deserting their ranks, sailors their ships, and everybody their employment, to speed to the region of the gold mines.”
The President’s confirmation of the richness of the gold fields and the wild, imaginative reporting of the newspapers combined to banish any remaining skepticism concerning the gold mines. Now it was time to go. Companies and associations were formed, businesses were closed, men said good-bye to their families. Setting sail or breaking trail, it didn’t matter how you traveled or when you arrived since there was gold enough for everyone. The Gold Rush was on!
With the northern Sierra passes snowed in, no one could reach the mines that way in winter. Therefore, the first few gold seekers began to trickle into California via the Santa Fe Trail, making their way across the southern deserts and up through the small town of Los Angeles, thence northwards to the mines. But something special was waiting for those who had chosen the sea route. On February 28 of 1849, the Steamship California passed through the Golden Gate with a shipload of argonauts, and was greeted by a thunderous salute from Commodore Jones and his Pacific Naval Squadron which was anchored in the Bay. They were the first 49’ers to arrive in California. And before the year was out, they would be joined by better than one hundred thousand other gold seekers, all in search of their own private El Dorado.
The gold that Marshall discovered, some six or eight miles west of the actual Mother Lode, was placer gold, eroded from the lode and washed down the watercourse of the South Fork of the American River. It was rich placers like these scattered throughout the Gold Country which first attracted the 49’ers, giving rise to literally thousands of mining camps during the first two decades of the Gold Rush.
Prentice Mulford, one of the best narrators of the Gold Rush wrote: “The California mining camp was ephemeral. Often it was founded, built up, flourished, decayed, and had weeds and herbage growing over its site and hiding all of man’s work inside of ten years.” Once the gold played out, there was no reason for anyone to stay, and the buildings and camps were left to the elements and the stray ghost or two. But if a mining camp chanced to be located on rich gold deposits, or had some reason other than gold to exist, perhaps being a supply center, or located at an important crossroads or river crossing, it may have been able to maintain a continuous existence and have survived to this day.
There was one thing that all the mining camps had in common, whether they lasted a month, five years, or to the present day. And that was people. The people who discovered, settled, and built the mining camps of the Gold Rush. They were of the same breed, tough and resourceful, pioneers in a new land. They brought the attention of the world to a place called California.
This is their story, the saga of those early prospectors and miners, the storekeepers and innkeepers, the tradesmen, the bankers, the doctors, the lawyers, the express agents, the teachers, the preachers, the printers, the lawmen and the badmen, and all the others who made their mark during the Gold Rush by what they did and what they built. And while we can only read about their deeds, we can still see some of what they built. For even though the years have taken their toll on the buildings, mines, and camps of the Gold Rush, there are still many sites, buildings and places of historical interest to be seen today, if you know where and how to look for them.
Of the thousands of mining camps which arose during the years of the Gold Gush, the greater number have long since disappeared, often without a trace. We know their names today, names such as Hell-out-for-Noon City, Slumgullion, Delirium Tremens, Bogus Thunder, Graveyard, Mugfuzzle Flat, Hell’s Delight, only as memories from the pages of old diaries and newspapers, and the maps drawn during those years. However, the mining camps you will soon be reading about (should you click in the right spot) are places that exist today, places with items of historic or esoteric interest demanding your presence. It may be a pile of rusty old mining machinery, an unrecognizable ruin, a building from the 1850’s, or a simple stone monument. Regardless, each has its story and must be visited soon, before they disappear, for the world is moving on.
The best route for visiting the mining camps of the Gold Country is via State Highway 49, officially named the “Mother Lode Highway” by the State Legislature in 1921. From Oakhurst in the south to Sierra City in the north, Hwy 49 crosses eleven counties, traveling through some of the most beautiful and historic areas of the state, including La Veta Madre, California’s Mother Lode.
As the mining camps, towns, and sites described herein generally surround Hwy 49 on its route north, so are they arranged here. Imagine this, if you will, sitting in front of your svga monitor. You are in an automobile, in Oakhurst, Cal., heading north along Hwy 49. After a short, half-hour drive through several small communities and some fine stands of tall timber, you arrive in Mariposa, thus beginning your virtual tour of the California Gold Country. And as you continue your “drive” north, I’ll provide a brief history of the mining camps you’ll encounter, along with pictures of historic sites and structures located in each town. To begin your tour, click on The Mining Camps

Maldive Islands - Country Introduction

The Maldives is a nation of coral islands scattered across the Indian Ocean. Geographically, it is located between 72o 32' 30" E 73o 45' 54" E and 7o 06' 30" N to 0o 41' 48" S, which puts her just north of the Equator and southwest of the Indian peninsular.
The Maldives is a nation of coral islands scattered across the Indian Ocean. Geographically, it is located between 72o 32' 30" E 73o 45' 54" E and 7o 06' 30" N to 0o 41' 48" S, which puts her just north of the Equator and southwest of the Indian peninsular.
The former British protectorate that gained independence in 1965 is famous for its splendid white beaches, crystal clear lagoons and peaceful tranquillity of nature's blessing. This unique creation of nature naturally forms 26 atolls, which for administrative purposes are made into 20 by the government. This small republic was a kingdom before it was declared a republic. The population is estimated 265,000 in 1999. The ethnic origin of the natives is still in debate among scholars and researchers, but it is evident that there is a close resemblance with the South Asian, Southeast Asian, Arabic and African cultures and influence. Maldivians speak in a unique language called dhivehi and have their own transcript thaana for writing.

Maldivian economy was traditionally based on fisheries till the emergence of tourism as its foreign currency generator in the late 20th century. The introduction of tourism to the small island nation transformed the economy from a primary to a tertiary industry-driven economy, making tourism the most dependable industry of the country. Tourism being a service industry has direct and indirect links to all other major and minor industries of the economy. During the last two and half decades the Maldivian way of life has been changing in all aspects keeping pace with economic development. But still the lifeline depends on the sea, which supplies fish as food, sand and coral for housing and land for limited needs and the warm tropical underwater garden as a tourist attraction, which generates the much needed foreign currency.

The tropical climate, white beaches and rich marine environment have made the country a tourist magnet for the past 32 years. The Maldives as the 14th century Moroccan traveller described as "one of the wonders of the world" today is said to be second to none for sun lovers, beach wanderers, scuba divers and those who seek peace in its simplest form.

2. Switzerland: the Country - Introduction

Switzerland is a small country in the center of Western Europe[1],
next to Germany in the north, France in the west, Italy in the south,
Austria and the tiny principality of Liechtenstein in the east. Its
size is 41,290 km2 (15,942 sq mi), which is about one and a half times
the size of the US-state Massachusetts. Time zone is MET [ DST ] or
CET [ CED ]. Daylight saving time is one hour ahead, in the summer,
and is called Sommerzeit in German, and Heure d'ete in French. The
standard denomination for daylight saving times is in square brackets.

The country has a long tradition of federalism[2] and direct
democracy, which helped sustain its multi-cultural and multi-lingual
character. The official languages in Switzerland are German, spoken by
2/3 of the population (in a variety of dialects collectively known as
Swiss German); French, spoken by about 20%; Italian, spoken by 8%; and
Rumantsch spoken by less than 1% of the population. Switzerland is
called in German: Die Schweiz, in French: La Suisse, in Italian: La
Svizzera, and in Rumantsch: La Svizra. The official name is in Latin:
Confoederatio Helvetica, which lead to its international (ISO)
acronym: CH. International telephone country code is 41.

The federal capital of Switzerland is the picturesque city of
Bern/Berne (Italian: Berna), located close to the center of
Switzerland. The largest city in the country is Zuerich, an
international financial center. Geneva, on the western tip of the
country (French: Suisse romande; German: Welschland) on the shores of
Lake Geneva (properly called Lac Leman in French), is the largest city
in the French-speaking area. It is home to the United Nations, the
World Trade Organization, the World Health Organization, the
International Committee of the Red Cross, CERN, and many other
international organizations.

Despite hosting many international organizations, Switzerland is not a
member of the European Union, and wasn't until recently (2002-03-03) a
member of the UNO neither. Switzerland is, however, member of the
European Council, of the EFTA and although it wasn't UNO member was
active for a number of years in many international organizations (such
as HCR, WHO, UIT, IMF and so on). Neutrality has been one of the
pillars of Swiss foreign policy and has not yet given way to
membership in supranational organizations (even if the reason for
refusing those might not have been so rhetorical, and UNO is probably
the precedent now.).

In 2000 the population of Switzerland reached 7'204'000, of which
19.8% are foreigners. This used to be the fastest growth in Europe,
mainly due to immigration: now Ireland apparently grows faster than
Switzerland.

In 1994, life expectancy at birth is 78 years. There are 1.6 children
born per woman (Sensitive people may prefer 8 children for 5 women,
but as polygamy is illegal, they must be from different fathers :-))

Switzerland has many lakes and is situated between two mountain
ranges: Jura (> 1000 m/3000 ft) and the Alps ( > 3000 m/10,000 ft).

The country has no natural resources other than salt, water
(electricity) and stones. Main export products are machines, chemical
products (including pharmaceuticals), instruments and watches. Other
revenue is from services (banking, insurances) and tourism (skiing is
one of the national sports) as well as exporting some electricity. As
for tourism, it should be mentioned that Swiss tourists spend more
than 10 billion CHF abroad, compared to the 13 billion CHF visitors
spend in Switzerland.

The Swiss flag should be constructed as follows: A free floating white
cross on red square ground. The arms of the cross are of equal length
and of 1/6 longer than wide (established in 1815).

[1] In the geographical sense, not the European Union.

[2] Switzerland consists of 26 Cantons and half-Cantons. There are 6
half-Cantons. See section 2.4.2





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